Tag Archives: England and Wales Census 1891

Henry Richard Rosewarne: England and Wales Census 1891: Transcription

Published: January 10, 2017    Last modified: February 16, 2017

While conducting research for my previous post, I as usual sidetracked, this time on the family name of Rosewarne. I was tracing descendants of my ggg grandparents Thomas ROSEWARNE 1823-1895 and Emily ROSEWARNE (née Emily GREAVES 1832-Deceased) through various England and Wales censuses and parish records, though as usual, my research culminated in more confusion.

While carrying out on-line research I make text notes of any snippets of information that I think may be of use in future research. Many of these notes are just 'cut'n'pastes' and usually attached as text notes linked to individuals and families recorded in my family history software. They become quite disorganised and a few years down the line, often become nothing more than 'cryptic clues'.

Yesterday I spent quite a while checking some of the notes I had made regarding my ROSEWARNE line and comparing them to more recent research. I will publish a separate article outlining more recent research of my ROSEWARNE line. Meanwhile I will publish my transcription of the England and Wales Census 1891 for the household of Henry Richard ROSEWARNE 1859-Deceased:

FHJ Ref: 042
Census: England and Wales Census 1891
Address: 4 Sale's Houses, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England
Household: Henry Richard Rosewarne

SURNAMEFIRST NAME(S)RELSTATUSSEXAGEOCCUPATIONWHERE BORNREMARKS
RosewarneHenry RichardHeadWidowerMale34FurnacemanUnknown - None Shown
RosewarneHenry RichardSonSMale11ScholarCrookes, Sheffield, Yorkshire
RosewarneThomas EdwardSonSMale10ScholarSheffield, Yorkshire
RosewarneEmilyDaughterFemale8ScholarSheffield, Yorkshire
RosewarneCharlesSonMale5Sheffield, Yorkshire
RosewarneEmilyMotherMFemale67Harthill, Yorkshire

To view this table full width please click here.

This census record shows Emily ROSEWARNE (née Emily GREAVES 1832-Deceased) is now living in the household of her son Henry Richard ROSEWARNE 1859-Deceased, though unless my maths is really poor her given age of 67 years and her birth year of 1832 do not tally. Interestingly her husband Thomas ROSEWARNE 1823-1895 is not recorded so I assume he is now dead though I have his death as being 1895. More research required.

There is no record of Henry Richard's wife and since I have yet to carry out any serious research of Henry Richard, I do not as yet have a record of marriage. Again more research required.

Georgiana Ward (née Georgiana Allen 1879-1965)

Published: March 14, 2015    Last modified: February 21, 2024

Ziller Jacklin (née Ziller Allen 1858-1949)

This information has taken me quite some time to document and publish but at the time it came as quite a surprise:

Through the "Suggest a change" form at Family History Journal I received the following email:

Proposed Change: Ziller ALLEN (I22)
Tree: Jacklin / Ashforth
Link: Ziller ALLEN
Description: Zillah was mother of Georgina 06/03/1879-1965 father not registered. Georgina(eanor) married Charles Henry Ward 1896 Aston parish church Sheffield. Zillah is my G.G.Grandmother.

Basically this email informed me that my grandfather Wilfred Jacklin 1896-1967 had a step sister by the name of Georgina (Georgiana). I immediately phoned my aunt, the daughter of Wilfred Jacklin 1896-1967 and Ivy JACKLIN (née Ivy DIXON) 1901-1983 and asked if she was aware of this step sister; no she wasn't.

So this opened up a whole new avenue to explore.

I replied to BW and he provided me with a synopsis of Georgiana's family history:
Georgiana known to the family as Georgina married Charles Henry Ward at Aston Parish Church¹ and had 8 children. The eldest daughter had 5 children including the mother of BW.

I sent for Georgiana's birth certificate because Fanny Allen² would have been in her 50s when she was born. I have enclosed copies of birth and marriage
certificates. The name on the marriage certificate is Eanor which is a mystery to the family.

¹ Aston Parish Church is the Church of All Saints, Aston-cum-Aughton, Rotherham, Yorkshire.

² Fanny ALLEN (née Fanny LITTLEWOOD) 1832-1915, the mother of Ziller (Zillah, Zellaby) ALLEN 1858-1949

In the census record shown below, Georgina, or Georgiana ALLEN 1879-1965 is shown to be 2 years old and a grandaughter of John ALLEN 1831-Deceased, though at this time Ziller ALLEN 1858-1949 is living and working at East Drayton, Nottinghamshire, in the the household of George SMITHSON 1830-Deceased.

FHJ Ref: 008
Census: England and Wales Census 1881
Place: Little Gringley, Retford, Nottinghamshire
Household: John Allen

SURNAMEFIRST NAME(S) RELSTATUSSEXAGEOCCUPATIONWHERE BORNREMARKS
AllenJohnHeadMarriedMale50Agricultural LabourerLittle Gringley, Clarborough, Nottinghamshire
AllenFannyWifeMarriedFemale49East Retford, Nottinghamshire
AllenElizabethDaurUFemale20General Servant DomesticLittle Gringley, Clarborough, Nottinghamshire
AllenDavidSonUMale14Agricultural LabourerLittle Gringley, Clarborough, Nottinghamshire
AllenJohnSonUMale12ScholarLittle Gringley, Clarborough, Nottinghamshire
AllenSallyDaurUFemale10ScholarLittle Gringley, Clarborough, Nottinghamshire
AllenTomSonUMale7ScholarLittle Gringley, Clarborough, Nottinghamshire
AllenHarrietDaurUFemale4Little Gringley, Clarborough, Nottinghamshire
AllenJaneG DaurUFemale5Workhouse, Clarborough, Nottinghamshire
AllenGeorgianaG DaurUFemale2Workhouse, Clarborough, Nottinghamshire

To view this table full width please click here.

In the census record shown below Ziller ALLEN 1858-1949 is living in the household of George SMITHSON 1830-Deceased. I must admit, it had never crossed my mind to link Georgiana to Ziller ALLEN 1858-1949 as a daughter.

FHJ Ref: 002
Census: England and Wales Census 1881
Place: 4 North Street, East Drayton, Nottingham, England
Household: George Smithson

SURNAMEFIRST NAME(S)RELSTATUSSEXAGEOCCUPATIONWHERE BORNREMARKS
SmithsonGeorgeHeadMMale51Agricultural LabourerHeadon, Nottinghamshire
SmithsonJaneWifeMFemale28Retford, Nottinghamshire
AllenJohn HStep SonMale9ScholarLambeth, Surrey
AllenJaneStep DaughterFemale7ScholarRetford, Nottinghamshire
SmithsonElizabethDaughterFemale2East Drayton, Nottinghamshire
AllenZillahSister In LawUFemale22Dom Serv Unemployed (Farm)Little Gringley, Nottinghamshire

To view this table full width please click here.

Of course this still leaves me with the mystery of Elizabeth ALLEN, as shown by the census record below, living in the household of Daniel JACKLIN 1862-1953 and Ziller JACKLIN (née Ziller ALLEN) 1858-1949. To view an earlier article regarding Elizabeth ALLEN please click here.

FHJ Ref: 007
Census: England and Wales Census 1891
Place: Bradley Yard, Aston With Aughton, Rotherham, Yorkshire
Household: Daniel Jacklin

SURNAMEFIRST NAME(S)RELSTATUSSEXAGEOCCUPATIONWHERE BORNREMARKS
JacklinDanHeadMarriedM28Coal MinerWhaddon, Cambridgeshire,
JacklinZillerWifeMarriedF32Gringley, Lincolnshire
AllenElizabethNieceSF9Gringley, Lincolnshire
Note: Gringley, Lincolnshire ought to be Little Gringley, Nottinghamshire

To view this table full width please click here.

Minnie Taylor: England and Wales Census 1891

Published: December 31, 2011    Last modified: February 21, 2024

Minnie Taylor, School Log Book, 1890

In this article I discussed research into a document found amongst my father's papers.

A little more research has found this 1891 census record:

FHJ Ref: 019
Census: England and Wales Census 1891
Place: Decoy Farm, Skellingthorpe, Lincolnshire
Household: King Taylor

SURNAMEFIRST NAME(S)RELSTATUSSEXAGEOCCUPATIONWHERE BORNREMARKS
TaylorKingHeadMarriedMale53Farmer (Em'er)Branston, Lincolnshire
TaylorBetsy AWifeMarriedFemale47Boston, Lincolnshire
TaylorAliceDaughterSFemale23Farmers Daughter(Em'ee)Boston, Lincolnshire
TaylorMinnieDaughterSFemale19Schoolmistress (Em'ee)Skellingthorpe, Lincolnshire
TaylorArthurSonSMale16Clerk In Office (Em'ee)Skellingthorpe, Lincolnshire
TaylorFrederickSonSMale13Farmers Son (Em'ee)Skellingthorpe, Lincolnshire
TaylorThomasSonSMale11ScholarSkellingthorpe, Lincolnshire
TaylorFrank HSonSMale9ScholarSkellingthorpe, Lincolnshire
TaylorAlfredSonSMale6ScholarSkellingthorpe, Lincolnshire
TaylorAda MDaughterSFemale4ScholarSkellingthorpe, Lincolnshire
TaylorRebeccaVisitorSFemale27Farmers Daughter (Em'ee)Bracebridge, Lincolnshire
TaylorAnnie MVisitorSFemale20Farmers Daughter (Em'ee)Coleby, Lincolnshire
WilsonThomasServantSMale18Farm Servant (Em'ee)Wellingore, Lincolnshire

To view this table full width please click here.

This census information seems to suggest I have the correct Minnie TAYLOR though according to the England and Wales Census 1891 she is still living at the family home in Skellingthorpe and not at Misterton where I located the Reverend H.R. Dunlop.

The 1901 British Census records Minnie Taylor as a visitor to the family home at Skellingthorpe and her occupation is given as a 'retired school mistress' so this is not a great deal of help in locating the school.

If at the age of 29 Minnie TAYLOR is described as a 'retired school mistress' I did wonder if she was ill and died an early death but I have yet to find her date of death or a record of marriage.

Perhaps I now need a little more research of the Reverend H.R. Dunlop.

Meanwhile a search on the 1891 Census address of Decoy Farm revealed some very interesting information regarding 'duck decoys' and some specific information about the 'duck decoy' nearby Decoy Farm, Skellingthorpe, Lincolnshire:

"To the east of the village lies a decoy farm one of about 40 that existed in the Fens during the 18th century. Pipes were laid, down which wild duck were led by tame decoy ducks and driven into nets by terriers. Skellingthorpe duck is reputed to have been a delicacy. Consideration is given to this important historical site which is listed as the Duck Decoy ancient monument." - Skellingthorpe Parish Council

Updates:
2012-02-03 I decided to try a few searches. Only a few marriages were available. Since Minnie TAYLOR is shown as 'single' in the 1901 census and knowing her possible date of birth and place of birth I started to cross check possible surnames against the 1911 England and Wales Census record. As luck would have it the first surname I tried 'Turner' returned a direct hit on the submitted credentials.

This would seem to point to Minnie TAYLOR marrying Frederick TURNER in 1902.

As yet I still cannot see any connection to our family.

George Smithson 1830-Deceased and Jane Smithson (née Jane Allen 1853-1892): England and Wales Census 1891

Published: September 30, 2008    Last modified: February 12, 2017

Church of Saint Peter, East Drayton

Church of Saint Peter, East Drayton, Nottinghamshire

Looking through my notes I came across this entry in the England and Wales Census 1891:

FHJ Ref: 034
Census: England and Wales Census 1891
Place: 2 North Green, East Drayton, East Retford, Nottinghamshire, England
Household: George Smithson

SURNAMEFIRST NAME(S)RELSTATUSSEXAGEOCCUPATIONWHERE BORNREMARKS
SmithsonGeorgeHeadMarriedMale61Agricultural Labourer (Em'ee)Upton, Nottinghamshire
SmithsonJaneWifeMarriedFemale40Retford, Nottinghamshire

To view this table full width please click here.

The England and Wales Census 1881 records their address as:

4 North Road, East Drayton

The England and Wales Census 1891 records their address as:

2 North Green, East Drayton

North Green is still in existence though I am unsure about North Road. Interestingly all the children now appear to have left home.

According to an entry in FreeBMD, Jane SMITHSON (née Jane ALLEN 1853-1892) died the following year age 39 years.

Elizabeth Allen or Elizabeth Smithson?

Published: September 29, 2008    Last modified: October 18, 2017

While checking this earlier article, one of the earliest articles on this website, the name Elizabeth SMITHSON 1879-Deceased caught my eye.

This is my transcription of the England and Wales Census 1881:

FHJ Ref: 002
Census: England and Wales Census 1881
Place: 4 North Street, East Drayton, Nottingham, England
Household: George Smithson

SURNAMEFIRST NAME(S)RELSTATUSSEXAGEOCCUPATIONWHERE BORNREMARKS
SmithsonGeorgeHeadMMale51Agricultural LabourerHeadon, Nottinghamshire
SmithsonJaneWifeMFemale28Retford, Nottinghamshire
AllenJohn HStep SonMale9ScholarLambeth, Surrey
AllenJaneStep DaughterFemale7ScholarRetford, Nottinghamshire
SmithsonElizabethDaughterFemale2East Drayton, Nottinghamshire
AllenZillahSister In LawUFemale22Dom Serv Unemployed (Farm)Little Gringley, Nottinghamshire

To view this table full width please click here.

These records suggest Jane SMITHSON (née Jane ALLEN 1853-1892) had 2 children, either from a previous marriage or 'out of wedlock'.

I suddenly realised that Elizabeth SMITHSON 1879-Deceased, Jane's daughter presumably from her marriage to George SMITHSON 1830-Deceased, could be the elusive Elizabeth 'Betty' ALLEN.

A search of FreeBMD reveals a death, registered at Retford in March 1892 of one Jane SMITHSON aged 40 years. Elizabeth SMITHSON 1879-Deceased would now be about 12 years of age.

The England and Wales Census 1891 records the following:

FHJ Ref: 007
Census: England and Wales Census 1891
Place: Bradley Yard, Aston With Aughton, Rotherham, Yorkshire
Household: Daniel Jacklin

SURNAMEFIRST NAME(S)RELSTATUSSEXAGEOCCUPATIONWHERE BORNREMARKS
JacklinDanHeadMarriedM28Coal MinerWhaddon, Cambridgeshire,
JacklinZillerWifeMarriedF32Gringley, Lincolnshire
AllenElizabethNieceSF9Gringley, Lincolnshire
Note: Gringley, Lincolnshire ought to be Little Gringley, Nottinghamshire

To view this table full width please click here.

I conjecture Jane had fallen ill and was unable to care for Elizabeth her youngest child and Daniel JACKLIN 1862-1953 and Ziller JACKLIN (née Ziller ALLEN 1858-1949) agreed to 'adopt' her.

A quick search of the England and Wales Census 1901 reveals an Elizabeth SMITHSON aged 22 years living at East Drayton.

Another search of FreeBMD this time for a marriage for Elizabeth SMITHSON reveals several, but the only one in an anticipated locality is registered in December 1909 at Rotherham, Yorkshire. The husbands name could either be Thomas DAVIS or Fred KEIGHLEY.

At this time Daniel JACKLIN 1862-1953 and Ziller JACKLIN (née Ziller ALLEN 1858-1949) were probably still living at Swallownest so it could well be Elizabeth SMITHSON 1879-Deceased married at the Church of All Saints at Aston-cum-Aughton which of course is in the registration district of Rotherham.

This is all conjecture and supposition at the moment and the dates, though not exactly what I would expect, are close enough to warrant further research. Since I am unlikely to glean much more from FreeBMD or the England and Wales Census, I will invest in the purchase of the marriage certificate and hope that I can prove my theory.

Updates:
2017-10-18 Recently I located a baptism for one Eliza ALLEN. To read about this development please click here.

Aston-cum-Aughton and Treeton: Coal Miners

Published: April 21, 2008    Last modified: May 22, 2022

The England and Wales Census 1891 records 3 of the Allen sisters:

Sarah BUTROID (née Sarah ALLEN 1862-1943)
Hannah CUTTS (née Hannah ALLEN 1856-Deceased)
Ziller JACKLIN (née Ziller ALLEN 1858-1949) my great grandmother,

All originally from Little Gringley, Nottinghamshire and all now married and living at Aston-cum-Aughton and nearby Treeton. Their respective husbands are all recorded as coal miners.

I am intrigued as to how the sisters found their way to this area. I conjecture Daniel JACKLIN 1862-1953 and Ziller JACKLIN (née Ziller ALLEN 1858-1949) were forced to escape the poverty of living off the land at Little Gringley and seek a slightly more prosperous existence in the employment of the mine owners of the South Yorkshire coalfield. Likewise did the other sisters follow? Did they meet their husbands through the mining community or were they already married?

Daniel had left his home county of Cambridgeshire, presumably to seek work as a navvy on the railways or canals, both of which pass through Retford, Nottinghamshire and very close to Little Gringley.

I really need to study the relevant census information together with marriage certificates and maybe I can better ascertain when they made the transition from agricultural labourer to coal miner.

FHJ Ref: 007
Census: England and Wales Census 1891
Place: Bradley Yard, Aston With Aughton, Rotherham, Yorkshire
Household: Daniel Jacklin

SURNAMEFIRST NAME(S)RELSTATUSSEXAGEOCCUPATIONWHERE BORNREMARKS
JacklinDanHeadMarriedM28Coal MinerWhaddon, Cambridgeshire,
JacklinZillerWifeMarriedF32Gringley, Lincolnshire
AllenElizabethNieceSF9Gringley, Lincolnshire
Note: Gringley, Lincolnshire ought to be Little Gringley, Nottinghamshire

To view this table full width please click here.

FHJ Ref: 011
Census: England and Wales Census 1891
Place: 19 Mill Lane, Treeton, Rotherham, Yorkshire, England
Household: Frederick Cutts

SURNAMEFIRST NAME(S)RELSTATUSSEXAGEOCCUPATIONWHERE BORNREMARKS
CuttsFrederickHeadMarriedMale36Coal MinerMorthen, Yorkshire
CuttsHannahWifeMarriedFemale37Little Gringley, Nottinghamshire
CuttsElizaDaughterFemale10ScholarTreeton, Yorkshire
CuttsLilyDaughterFemale3Treeton, Yorkshire

To view this table full width please click here.

FHJ Ref: 024
Census: England and Wales Census 1901
Place: Treeton, Rotherham, Yorkshire
Household: Frederick Cutts

SURNAMEFIRST NAME(S)RELSTATUSSEXAGEOCCUPATIONWHERE BORNREMARKS
CuttsFrederickHeadMarriedMale47Colliery LabourerMorehen, Yorkshire *
CuttsHannahWifeMarriedFemale47Gringley, Nottinghamshire
CuttsLettyDaughterSingleFemale13Treeton, Yorkshire
CuttsErnestSonSingleMale8Treeton, Yorkshire
Note: Morehen, Yorkshire is more likely Morthen, Yorkshire

* Most likely this should be Morthen

To view this table full width please click here.

William Henry Ashforth and Lucy Ellen Lockwood: Marriage Certificate

Published: October 30, 2007    Last modified: February 4, 2017

Certificates

This marriage certificate is much more problematic:

William Henry ASHFORTH age 22 years married Lucy Ellen LOCKWOOD age 19 years at St. Stephen's Church, Sheffield on the 11th of June, 1867.

The names, ages and dates appear to point to this marriage being that of my gg grandfather William Henry ASHFORTH 1851-1899 the other details suggest these families are from a far wealthier background than I expected.

The Rank or Profession of William Henry ASHFORTH is recorded as 'Silversmith'. His father Henry ASHFORTH is also recorded as 'Silversmith'.

The Rank or Profession of William LOCKWOOD, the father of Lucy Ellen LOCKWOOD, is recorded as 'Bracelit Maker' [sic].

Previous searches have shown the surname ASHFORTH linked to Silversmiths both in Sheffield and London.

The England and Wales Census 1891 records:

FHJ Ref: 018
Census: England and Wales Census 1881
Place: Back of 70 Daniel Hill St, Nether Hallam, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England
Household: William Henry Ashforth

SURNAMEFIRST NAME(S)RELSTATUSSEXAGEOCCUPATIONWHERE BORNREMARKS
AshforthWilliam HHeadMarriedMale30File CutterSheffield, Yorkshire
AshforthEllenWifeMarriedFemale27Sheffield, Yorkshire
AshforthWilliam HSonMale8ScholarSheffield, Yorkshire
AshforthRosaDaughterFemale6ScholarSheffield, Yorkshire
AshforthAnnieDaughterFemale3Sheffield, Yorkshire

To view this table full width please click here.

I am certain the household shown above from the England and Wales Census 1881 is the correct family and the marriage certificate I have obtained belongs to another ASHFORTH line.

Updates:
2007-11-03 I now have a maiden name for the mother of William Henry ASHFORTH 1851-1899. To read this update please click here.

Joseph Carter, Town Street, Fillingham, Lincolnshire

Published: November 4, 2005    Last modified: November 2, 2016

Joseph Carter 1877-1959 and Mary Maria Carter (née Mary Maria Maplethorpe 1878-1964) Outside their cottage at Marton, Gainsborough, Lincolnshire
Photograph courtesy the family of Joseph and Mary Maria Carter
<a href="https://familyhistoryjournal.com/?s=mary+maria+maplethorpe+joseph+carter">Read more...</a>

Mary Maria Carter (née Mary Maria Maplethorpe) 1878-1964
Joseph Carter 1877-1959
Outside their cottage at Marton, Lincolnshire, England
Photograph courtesy the family of GH

A search of the England and Wales Census 1891 returns one Joseph CARTER aged 4 years and living at Town Street, Fillingham, Lincolnshire.

FHJ Ref: 037
Census: England and Wales Census 1891
Place: Town Street, Fillingham, Lincoln, England
Household: Joseph Carter

SURNAMEFIRST NAME(S)RELSTATUSSEXAGEOCCUPATIONWHERE BORNREMARKS
CarterJosephHeadMarriedMale56Agricultural LabourerFillingham, Lincolnshire
CarterElizabethWifeMarriedFemale47Agricultural Labourer or Day BoySturton, Lincolnshire
CarterJohnSonUMale13ScholarFillingham, Lincolnshire
CarterLucyDaughterFemale11ScholarFillingham, Lincolnshire
CarterEmmaDaughterFemale9ScholarFillingham, Lincolnshire
CarterGeorgeSonMale7ScholarFillingham, Lincolnshire
CarterEllenDaughterFemale5ScholarFillingham, Lincolnshire
CarterJosephSonMale4ScholarFillingham, Lincolnshire

To view this table full width please click here.

This is almost certainly the correct Joseph CARTER, since from my earliest childhood recollections, 'Carter' and 'Fillingham' always stick in my mind.

Updates:
2005-11-19 Having looked at this again I have my doubts about this being the correct Joseph CARTER.

2016-11-01 My doubts over this proved to be correct. This post provides details of the correct Joseph CARTER.

George Hill and Fanny Allen

Published: June 5, 2005    Last modified: November 11, 2016

Following on from my research of Sarah ALLEN, I turned my attention to Fanny ALLEN, another daughter of John ALLEN and Fanny ALLEN (née Fanny LITTLEWOOD). A search of FreeBMD returned a marriage in 1886 for one Fanny ALLEN and one George HILL. Unfortunately this date is too late for the England and Wales Census 1881. So using FreeCEN, I performed a search for George HILL on the England and Wales Census 1891. This found a record for the household of George HILL at Wilson's Yard, Saxilby, Lincolnshire, England. The birth place of Fanny HILL (née Fanny ALLEN) the wife of George HILL is recorded as Little Gringley, Nottinghamshire: Walter HILL the eldest son is also recorded as being born at Little Gringley, Nottinghamshire.

I think it is safe to assume that I have the correct Fanny HILL (née Fanny ALLEN) together with her husband George HILL. I can now add a few details for another of the ALLEN sisters.

Jesse Butroid and Sarah Allen

Published: June 1, 2005    Last modified: February 17, 2017

A few weeks ago I made this link between Sarah ALLEN and Jesse BUTROID. Browsing the England and Wales Census 1891 I found them living close to Daniel JACKLIN and Ziller JACKLIN (née Ziller ALLEN), my great grandparents, at Aston-cum-Aughton. Searches for Jesse BUTROID and Jesse BUTROYD were inconclusive so I moved on to other research. What a pleasant surprise when a couple of days ago I was emailed by a descendant of Jesse BUTROID and Sarah BUTROID (née Sarah ALLEN). The descendant found my Family Tree page and some notes I had saved while searching for Jesse BUTROID. He very kindly provided some of the missing details. I am now able to confirm Sarah ALLEN did indeed marry Jesse BUTROID and can now update my GEDCOM and Family History pages. I have also been able to corroborate the dates of various events sorrounding the ALLEN and BUTROID families. Some days are much better than others and some days the world gets smaller!